Ginkgo's Botanical Identity Confirmed: 'Fruits' Are Seeds with Distinctive Butyric Acid Scent

A recent social media post by Terraformation has brought attention to a common botanical misconception, clarifying that the characteristic "fruits" produced by the Ginkgo biloba tree are, in fact, seeds. The organization highlighted that these structures possess a fleshy outer layer famously known for smelling of butyric acid. This distinction underscores the unique biology of the ancient tree.

Botanically, Ginkgo biloba is classified as a gymnosperm, meaning its seeds are "naked" and not enclosed within an ovary, unlike true fruits which develop from the mature ovary of a flowering plant. The soft, fleshy, yellow-brown outer covering, or sarcotesta, gives the appearance of a fruit but serves as a protective layer for the hard inner seed. This unique reproductive strategy is a hallmark of gymnosperms, a group that includes conifers.

The pungent and often unpleasant aroma associated with fallen Ginkgo seeds is due to the presence of butyric acid within the sarcotesta. This chemical compound is widely recognized for its smell, frequently compared to rancid butter or human vomit. Ecologically, this strong odor is believed to have historically attracted animal dispersers, aiding in the propagation of the species.

The notorious smell has significant implications for urban landscaping, leading many municipalities to predominantly plant male Ginkgo trees to avoid the malodorous seeds. When female trees are planted, their falling seeds can create a considerable nuisance, prompting resident complaints and posing maintenance challenges due to the slippery and foul-smelling debris. Some cities have even faced legal challenges from residents impacted by the odor.

Terraformation, the organization that shared this botanical insight, is dedicated to addressing climate change through large-scale native ecosystem restoration. Their mission involves restoring degraded land into thriving forests, with a focus on understanding and nurturing diverse plant life. Their engagement with specific botanical details like that of the Ginkgo biloba reflects their broader commitment to ecological accuracy and effective reforestation strategies.