Saudi Arabia and Pakistan Formalize Strategic Defense Pact, Declaring Aggression Against One as Aggression Against Both

Riyadh – Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have solidified their strategic alliance by signing a Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement (SMDA) in September 2025, a pact that declares "any aggression against either country shall be considered an aggression against both." This significant development underscores a deepening of ties between the two nations, elevating their long-standing cooperation to a new level. The agreement was followed by high-level military talks and joint exercises, reinforcing their commitment to regional security.

The landmark defense pact, signed during a visit by Pakistan's Prime Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif to Riyadh, signals a robust commitment to mutual security. According to reports, the agreement effectively binds the two countries in a NATO-like arrangement, reflecting a strategic hedging by Riyadh to secure additional protection. This move comes amidst evolving geopolitical dynamics in the Middle East and South Asia.

The formalization of the defense agreement was further highlighted by recent joint military exercises, "Al Battar-II," held in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, from November 18 to 26. Elite Special Services Group (SSG) combat teams from Pakistan and Saudi Arabian army personnel participated, focusing on urban combat and counter-terrorism operations. These drills aim to enhance interoperability and operational skills between the two forces.

Beyond defense, economic ties between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have also seen significant expansion, aligning with Saudi Vision 2030. Saudi Arabia has pledged substantial investments, including a $10 billion oil refinery in Gwadar and a $540 million stake in Pakistan’s Reko Diq mine, one of the world's largest copper and gold reserves. Bilateral trade has increased by 80 percent, reaching $5.4 billion in 2024, up from $3 billion in 2019.

Analysts view the SMDA as a strategic move by Saudi Arabia to diversify its security partnerships and enhance deterrence, especially following perceived shifts in regional security paradigms. While some observers note India's concerns regarding the pact's implications for regional stability, experts suggest Saudi Arabia aims to balance its relationships with both South Asian nations. The agreement strengthens Pakistan's strategic standing and leverages Saudi Arabia's financial influence to boost Pakistan's military capabilities.