Tesla's Full Self-Driving System Employs Eight Cameras for Advanced Perception, Challenging Multi-Sensor Norms

Tesla's Full Self-Driving (FSD) system is advancing its capabilities through a camera-centric approach, aiming to replicate human visual perception for autonomous navigation. This strategy, known as Tesla Vision, leverages a network of cameras to continuously monitor the vehicle's surroundings, detect objects, and interpret driving scenarios. Julianna, a user on social media, highlighted the system's proficiency, stating, > "FSD has cameras all around the car that are always monitoring, never take a break, and can adequately judge gaps. It sees the biker coming up behind you on your right at the red light, see the pedestrians walking out of the cross walks."

Since 2021, Tesla has progressively shifted its Autopilot and FSD systems away from radar and, more recently in 2022 and 2023, ultrasonic sensors, relying solely on cameras. This "vision-only" model utilizes eight cameras providing 360-degree visibility, processed by a custom FSD computer chip and advanced neural networks. The company asserts that this approach, mirroring how humans drive, is more scalable and cost-effective for achieving widespread autonomy.

The system's neural networks are trained on billions of miles of real-world driving data collected from Tesla's global fleet, allowing for continuous improvement through over-the-air software updates. This data-driven learning enhances object detection, spatial positioning, and the ability to make split-second decisions. Features like automatic emergency braking, collision avoidance, and adaptive cruise control are all powered by this sophisticated visual processing.

Despite Tesla's confidence, the vision-only strategy has sparked ongoing debate within the autonomous driving industry. Critics and some experts argue that a multi-sensor suite, including LiDAR and radar, provides greater redundancy and reliability, especially in challenging conditions such as heavy rain, fog, or snow, which can obscure camera views. Tesla, however, maintains that its continuously evolving vision system can overcome these limitations.

While Tesla's FSD (Supervised) system offers advanced driver-assistance features, it currently requires active driver supervision. Drivers must remain attentive with their hands on the wheel, prepared to take control at any moment. The company continues to refine its technology, with the long-term goal of achieving full autonomy, a milestone that will depend on further technological advancements and regulatory approvals.